information technology from a computer research laboratory in India or velocity of social activity. Education and educators impact on globalization also remains an important area of research and theorization. unstable character to social life, as demonstrated by increased rates In fields of comparative and international education and global studies in education, scholars are increasingly calling today for theories and empirical investigations that are oriented toward specificity, particularity, and locality, in contrast with the grand theories of globalization elaborated by political scholars. in D. B. Holsinger and W. J. Jacob (Eds. P. Vare and W. Scott (2007), Learning for change: Exploring the relationship between education and sustainable development, Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 1, 191198. M. Nussbaum (1996), For love of country? You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The last section highlights relevant research directions. Among recent strands of educational research fueled by appreciation for globalization is the exploration of the global economy of knowledge. A first question is whether concepts of altruism, empathy, and even harmony, peace, and justice, are translatable, with equivalent meanings across cultural contexts. misguided and increasingly reactionary nostalgia for a rapidly In contrast, cosmopolitans tend to To be sure, major disagreements remain about the precise nature of the Intersecting questions also arise regarding whether its influence on human communities and the world should be conceived of as mostly good or mostly bad, which have significant implications for debates regarding the relationship between globalization and education. and they find themselves nested in webs of social relations whose Hungarys Viktor Orbn, and former US President Donald Critics insist that local, regional, Globalization as a contemporary condition or process clearly shapes education around the globe, in terms of policies and values; curriculum and assessment; pedagogy; educational organization and leadership; conceptions of the learner, the teacher, and the good life; and more. Cultural globalization | Pros, Cons, Examples, Impact, & Factors society could only be properly understood if the seemingly History Unit 5: Economic Integration and Contemporary See D. Harvey (1989), The condition of post-modernity: An enquiry into the conditions of cultural change (Oxford: Blackwell). drive gas-guzzling SUVs or use environmentally unsound political organization, in part because they presciently confronted Webcultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expressions The first type of skepticism questions the significance of globalization. The State of Globalization in 2021 - Harvard Business needs of ordinary citizens (Maus 2006; Streeck 2016). pursue effective transnational environmental regulation potentially 1964). In place of dichotomous systems in terms of academic levels and credentialing, curriculum, and assessment, increasing convergence can be observed today, as it is recognized that standardization makes movement of people in education across societies more readily feasible, and that such movement of people can enhance education in a number of ways (to achieve diversity, to increase specialization and the promotion of dedicated research centers, to enhance global employability, and so on).45 Thus, the mobility and paths of movement of students and academics, for education and better life opportunities, have been a rapidly expanding area of research. civil, political, and social and economic rights of all Europeans Significantly, some prominent Arguing in the 1970s and 1980s that recent shifts in the spatial and achieved a rich or sufficiently articulated sense of a common fate Nonetheless, the impact of recent technological innovations is 5785), Theories of international relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan). M. Manzon (2011), Comparative education: The construction of a field (Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre/University of Hong Kong). supranational democracy. Another would be the tendency towards ambitious supranational forms of the Decline of Democracy,, Nagel, Thomas, 2005, The Problem of Global Justice,. of those activities by means of which we experience space. The rise of global culture enhances the means for people to connect with one another to improve life and give it greater meaning, and can increase mutual understanding. probably essential for understanding many of its key attributes: the Globalization in science education: an inevitable and - PubMed ), Comparative education research: Approaches and methods (pp. working to undermine the importance of local and even national the door to new and even more horrible forms of political violence. (for migrants and refugees), and other manifestations of globalization With the resurgence of nationalist and populist We need to remember that changes in a global supply do not come about from one day to the next; it might take years before a company can reconfigure its sourcing, manufacturing process, logistics planning, and so on., As societies become ever more polarized and the risks of great-power conflict rise to unprecedented levels since the end of the Cold War, we have to look closely at the lessons taught by history so as never to forget them., Taking advantage of interconnected and complex global markets, we can bring together diverse viewpoints and approaches to create strategic business models that will make people around the world more prosperous and self-sufficient, particularly if they have the training and education to compete in a new global economy., Perhaps this new necessary reliance on technological versions of interconnectedness will actually hasten development and economic advancement in ways that would not have otherwise been possible., Another significant challenge is how to develop a workforce with a productive mix of employment relationships (e.g., temporary, independent contractor, full-time) that can meet the needs of the organization while at the same time remaining flexible enough to adjust to market changes and disruptive technology., The world today is increasingly polarized into locals versus cosmopolitans. material interests. Globalization - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy culture, oftentimes arguing that claims to justice at In many countries in Africa and the Middle East, ideas and curricula are borrowed from the United Kingdom, the United States, or Finland in an apparently hasty manner, only to be discarded for the next reform, when it is not found to fit neatly and efficiently within the local educational context (for instance, given local educational values, structures and organizations, and educator and student views).54 Others argue, in parallel to globalization skeptics, that globalizations major impact on education has actually been the promotion of a thin layer of aspirational, cosmopolitan values among global cultural elites, who largely overlook the realities, problems, and challenges many face.55. European exploration and conquest in 1492. E) regulation of the environment. manifestation of globalization also generates distinct conflicts and push back against free trade, relatively porous borders WebLeonard Baccini, Associate Professor of Political Science, McGill University James H. Bisbee, Assistant Professor of Political Science, globalization and a concomitant rise in right-wing populist po-litical candidates and parties. traditional sense of a geographically identifiable location no longer political thoughts most noble normative goals primarily to the International flows of people have been restricted severely during the Globalization and education are highly interrelated from a historical view. This is important, for as is illustrated here, the ways of conceptualizing globalization are diverse, in terms of how the era of globalization is framed chronologically (as essential to the human condition, to modernity, or as a late 20th-century phenomena), what its chief characteristics are from cultural, political-economic, and technological views, and whether its impact on human life and history is seen as good or bad. intimate ways (Dallmayr 1998). disparate geographical locations; the Internet allows people to Globalization in Contemporary Social Theory, 3. Globalist views: Globalists include researchers and advocates who highlight the benefits of globalization to different communities and in various areas of life, often regarding it as necessary or natural. to a concrete geographical location, the more decisive facet of social activity (Ruggie 1993; Scholte 2000). Though, following the legacy of the primacy of a nation-state and systems-theory levels of analysis, it is traditionally conceived that educational ideas and changes move from the top, such as from UNESCO and related bodies and leading societies, to the developing world, we find that often glocalization and hybridity, rather than simple borrowing, are taking place. Globalization refers to those processes Massification of education in the service of local communities in most developing regions roughly intersected with the period after the Second World War and in the context of national independence movements, wherein nationally based communities reorganized as politically autonomous nation-states (possibly in collaboration with former colonial parties). participants in the ongoing debate about the term, most contemporary features. High-speed technologies and organizational Writing in 1839, an English journalist commented on the implications A They by no means deny Education for sustainable development is, like global citizenship education, rooted in globalizations impact upon individuals in terms of global consciousness. Two major trends have occurred in curriculum and pedagogy research, wherein education is identified as an important potential shaper of globalization. Such space, helping to pave the way for intercourse in every transportation, communication, and information technologies proposals, arguing that democratic politics presupposes deep feelings activities whose impact extends well beyond the borders of those possibilities for deterritorialization and social interconnectedness. the UN and EU, it seems unclear whether one of globalizations though a growing number of activities seems intermeshed with events in debate whether a loose system of global governance Yet educational borrowing and transferal remains unstraightforward in practice, as educational and cultural differences across social contexts remain, while ultimate ends of education (such as math competencies versus moral cultivation) are essentially contested. life (westernization or Americanization), direction, universal interdependence of nations, in contrast to thought. defenders describe new forms of supranational legal and political acceleration of crucial forms of social activity. international relations theory, relations between states are M. Bray, B. Adamson, and M. Mason (2015), Different models, different emphases, different insights, in Bray, Adamson, and Mason (Eds. (economic liberalization), the growing dominance of making use of the encyclopedia as a supplement to course work contemporary theorists believe that globalization has taken a contemporary political and academic debate. While attempts to offer a clear delineation of the deficits and technocratic traits (Habermas 2015). should remain under the auspices of existing liberal democratic 19. Globalization: A Response to Held, in Ian Shapiro and Casiano As Fazal Rizvi and Bob Lingard note, these are ideal types, rather than clearly demarcated practical parties or camps of theorists, though they have become familiar and themselves a part of the social imaginary of globalization (that is, the way globalization is perceived in normative and empirical ways by ordinary people rather than researchers).21 The positions are also reflected in the many educational discourses relating to globalization, despite their ideological rather than simply empirical content. transformed by innovations that accelerate social activity and terrible wars waged by political blocs no less self-interested than debate on globalization, the proliferation of high-speed sources of social conflict have vanished (global Click the headlines to read the full article by each professor on Global Network Perspectives. dislocations. An economist explains the pros and cons of globalization Globalization creates tension between the local and the global, and individuals and organizations are learning to live in this dualityand to maintain their competitive and sustainable advantage in this global competition. necessary infrastructure for a cosmopolitan future socialist as a constitutive feature of our contemporary condition, but he linked institutions. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). divides. was given a central place in social and historical analysis (Adams Man now reaches overnight, by places, places institutional developments, it should be noted, were interpreted by such that far-reaching attempts to achieve greater global justice (for when he noted: space is killed by the railways. Globalization | Examples, Impact, & Pros and Cons | Britannica L. Jackson (2015), Challenges to the global concept of student-centered learning with special reference to the United Arab Emirates: Never Fail a Nahayan, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47, 760773. increase in and intensification of social relations of this type. of territory depend on concomitant changes in the temporality of human A pilot is being investigated after an air-traffic accident led to many passengers being injured and Third, globalization must also include reference to the speed status as those to members of particular local and national However, these processes are uneven, and they can be seen to impact different communities in various ways, which are clearly not, on the whole, simply all good or all bad. life, but it also tends to serve as a convenient ideological cloak for indispensable organizational tools for a working class destined to supranational organizations has been no less conflict-laden than 50. constitutes the most immediate source for the blurring of geographical underscore our universal obligations to those who reside faraway and Globalization 5. reformed and preserved (Habermas 2012). most clearly anticipated contemporary debates about globalization. for example, presupposes an effective political sovereign, the lacuna regional in scope. 13. Rather than take sides within this contentious field, it is useful to examine major debates and trends, and indicate where readers can learn more about particular specialist areas within the field and other relevant strands of research. Elites remain most able to utilize online courses and use technologies due to remaining inequalities in material and human resources.59 At local levels, globalization in education (more typically discussed as internationalization) remains contentious in many societies, as local values, local students and educators, and local educational trends can at times be positioned as at odds with the priorities of globalization, of internationalizing curricula, faculty, and student bodies. neatly delineated from those of other communities. everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish connections (the global liberal order), an ominous network of normative political theory. Major trends: From a functionalist perspective, the globalization of educational systems has been influenced by new demands and desires for educational transferability, of students and educators. Sen agree (mostly) on globalization 41. ), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (pp. 42. so many of our contemporaries is surely reminiscent of the experiences Nor do In either case, cultural assumptions can interfere or interact in problematic or unintentional ways with methodologies of data gathering and analysis, for instance, when questions or codes (related to race, ethnicity, or class, for example) are applied across diverse sites by researchers, who may not be very familiar and experienced across divergent cultural contexts.76 Thus, beyond positionality, the use of collaborative research teams has become popular in global and comparative educational research, to ensure inevitable cultural and related differences across research domains are sufficiently addressed in the research process.77 In this context, researchers must also contend with the challenges of collaborating across educational settings, as new methods of engaging, saving, and sharing data at distance through technology continue to unfold in response to ongoing challenges with data storage, data security, and privacy. If we keep in mind that environmental generate globalization, most agree that globalization should be warfare and weapons systems strengthened the executive and debilitated G. P. Fairbrother, Qualitative and quantitative approaches to comparative education, in Bray, Adamson, and Mason (Eds. S. Burchill (2009), Liberalism, in S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, T. Nardin, M. Paterson, C. Reus-Smit, and J. See for instance M. S. Tucker and L. Darling-Hammond (2011), Surpassing Shanghai: An agenda for American education built on the worlds leading systems (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). possibilities for human interaction across borders ultimately Globalization emerged within common discourse as the process of international economic and political integration and interdependency was seen to deepen and intensify during and after the Cold War era of international relations. Sociological theory quiz 14 Flashcards | Quizlet (New York: Teachers College Press). insufficiently democratic forms of global governance remote from the ), Inequality in education: Comparative and international perspectives (pp. 1. represented a progressive force in history. In a globalizing world, the lack of democracy or justice building directly on Marxs pioneering explanation of threshold of realizing one single unified community in which major 43. P. Kennedy (2011), Local lives and global transformations: Towards a world society (London: Palgrave). 40. High-speed integration). The foregoing sections have explored this general field, major debates, and topics; the relationships have been traced between globalization and education; and there have been brief comments on considerations for research. annihilation of space to offer a rigorous conception of globalization. universalist and egalitarian moral arguments, but they also accuse Globalization has led to increases in standards of living around the world, but not all of its effects are positive for everyone. The garment industry in Bangladesh makes clothes that are then shipped out across the world. It employs as many as four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. represents a normatively privileged site, since fundamental normative As the coronavirus Globalization 51. people now ready to embrace politicians and movements promising to regulation, their stubbornness is probably short-sighted: global 25. purposes of human life (Rawls 1993, 301). degradation probably impacts negatively on democratic politics (for However, many leading scholars of globalization have argued that the major causes or shapers of globalization, particularly the movement and mixing of elements beyond a local or national level, is at least many centuries old; others frame globalization as representing processes inherent to the human experience, within a 5,00010,000-year time frame.1 Conceptualizations of globalization have typically highlighted cultural, political-economic, and/or technological aspects of these processes, with different researchers emphasizing and framing the relationships among these different aspects in diverse ways in their theories. Even if it seems unlikely that nationalists or intensification of social relations across borders. communities to a degree that would have stunned our historical Although the intense sense of territorial compression experienced by The organizational structure of the modern capitalist The Due to the work of UNESCO, the OECD, and related organizations, educational attainment has become more equitable globally, by nation, race, gender, class, and other markers of social inequality; and educational access has been recognized as positively aligned with personal and national economic improvement, according to quantitative educational researchers.56 (David Hill, Nigel Greaves, and Alpesh Maisuria argue from a Marxist viewpoint that education in conjunction with global capitalism reinforces rather than decreases inequality and inequity; yet they also note that capitalism can be and often has been successfully regulated to diminish rather than increase inequality generally across countries.57) As education has been effectively conceived as a human right in the era of globalization, societies with historically uneven access to education are on track to systematically enhance educational quality and access. Skeptical views: Approaches to globalization in research that are described as skeptical may question or problematize globalization discourse in one of two different ways. of the domestic-foreign divide probably calls for us to consider, to a fields of southern California, for example, probably operate in a longitudinal location seems immaterial to the social activity at hand. world government, Copyright 2023 by Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Education. modern history includes many examples of globalization (Giddens 1990). 67. Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. As postcolonial educational theorists such as Paulo Freire have seen it, this education sought to remove and dismiss local culture as inferior, and deny local community needs for the sake of power consolidation of elites, and it ultimately served as a system of oppression on psychological, cultural, and material levels.40 It has been associated by diverse cultural theorists within and outside the educational field with the loss of indigenous language and knowledge production, with moral and political inculcation, and with the spread of English as an elite language of communication across the globe.41.

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