Sport psychiatry: a systematic review of diagnosis and medical treatment of mental illness in athletes. 2008; 2: 116. Train. I didnt know if I belonged anymore () and when I got forced into retirement I lost thirty best mates. So how does depression affect sports performance? Brain Inj. Doherty S., Hannigan B., Campbell M. J. To date, the majority of studies investigating the prevalence rate of depression among athletes have been conducted with college athletes. A survey of sports medicine physicians regarding psychological issues in patient-athletes. One particular variable that has received considerable attention is voluntary (i.e., personal decision to retire) versus involuntary (i.e., injury, getting cut from team) career termination. Meaningful units reflecting participants quotes were then highlighted and the revision tools on Word (e.g., comment button) was used to comment and title initial themes (Smith and Osborn, 2007). Proctor SL, Boan-Lenzo C. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in male intercollegiate student-athletes and nonathletes. A number of recent suicides of current or former athletes and related media attention have resulted in heightened focus and discussion on potential risk factors for suicidal behavior in athletes. Neurology. He acknowledged, however, that: sometimes it would affect performance, sometimes it wouldnt. This is based on the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, which has been shown in studies to be effective at identifying anxiety in athletes. In addition to the absence of obvious identifiable medical signs of disease, this lack of knowledge and understanding - often cited as a barrier to help-seeking (Gulliver et al., 2012; Doherty et al., 2016) may also explain the reluctance of athletes to consider depression as a proper illness instead of a personal flaw which, in turn, delays any help-seeking behaviours and treatment (McNair et al., 2002). MHI(s) could, in this context, be viewed as an additional kind of challenge(s) that athletes might have to face at some point during their career or after. While the relationship between concussion and depression may be significant, there is also evidence to suggest that a concussion may have the same effect as other injuries on mental health. Future studies in depression and athletes should explore how assessment and management of depression may be different in athletes and nonathletes; for example, is evidenced-based therapy more or less effective in athletes or what class of medications may be more helpful to the athlete? Following this, participants own perceptions of how MHIs are viewed within their sport environments are presented. This study also found that athletic status was not a statistically significant predictor of depression when compared with other variables investigated in the study including gender, self-esteem levels, social connectedness, and rested sleep. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. Although elite athletes frequently continue to more or less function in their sport by training and performing whilst trying to hide their distress (Doherty et al., 2016), a difference was noticeable between those whose triggers were sport-related (i.e., Participants 1 and 2) and those whose triggers were not sport-related (i.e., Participants 3 and 4). Hutchinson M, Mainwaring LM, Comper P, et al. While investigating the prevalence of depression within elite performers, research seems to have, so far, failed to consider that the symptoms encountered by elite athletes might differ compared to the general population (Br and Markser, 2013; Doherty et al., 2016). 13. Gouttebarge V., Kerkhoffs G., Lambert M. (2016). Responding to the Rise of Depression in College Athletes When talking about their experience of depression within the elite environment, participants shared the common opinion that more education and resources about mental health is needed in order to fight the stigma surrounding this topic and the detrimental consequences those false beliefs can have on athletes mental health. Not all studies on the subject of athlete depression report higher levels of depressive symptoms. Clin. Even though all the participants reported different triggers precipitating their depression, it was expected that they would report and share common symptoms underpinning the diagnosis of such a MHI (cf. This is consistent with the empirical literature, which indicates that males are more likely than females to commit suicide and that individuals between the ages of 15 and 24 years represent the group with the highest risk of committing suicide. "The professional consensus is that the incidence of anxiety and depression among scholastic athletes has increased over the past 10 to 15 years," says Marshall Mintz, a New Jersey-based. Lauber C., Nordt C., Falcato L., Rssler W. (2003). Sport Psychology Interventions. 1997; 9: 191203. It is essential to inform coaches and athletes . The present study aimed to broaden our understanding of elite athletes unique and subjective experience of clinical depression, their perceptions of how MHIs are viewed in elite level sport environments, as well as to highlight some of the key similarities and differences between elite athletes and people from the general population. Investigating and increasing elite athletes awareness of MHIs is essential to early detect and intervene on those issues as untreated they can often lead to more severe problems in terms of mental health and functional impairment but also in terms of performance issues (Markser, 2011; Gulliver et al., 2012). Notably, however, the relationship is complex and idiosyncratic. Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Wippert PM, Wippert J. Although vastly understudied, initial data suggest that athletes are far from immune to depression. Armstrong and Oomen-Early's study of 227 participants found student-athletes were less likely to report depression than non-athletes to Injuries hurt-and in more ways than one. What Are The Signs Of Depression In Athletes / Sportsmen? 1995; 10: 118. Data were collected from four elite athletes (1 female and 3 males; 2 team and 2 individual sports) using semi-structured interviews and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Athletes | Psychology Today Review of the literature reveals that depression does occur in athletes and that athletes are not somehow immune or resistant to depression. Risk to Life and Property. Too often, however, these issues are ignored in the name of grit. Is elite sport (really) bad for you? We watch them break bones, tear muscles, and take hard falls. 18. Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, Harding HP, Guskiewicz KM. All these accounts support Doherty et al. In a review of the medical and periodical literature, Baum (5) found 71 cases of athletes who contemplated, attempted, or completed suicide. Signs Of Depression In Athletes - Sportsinjuryclinic.net The other half is physical.". The themes were then organised hierarchically providing an overall structure to the data set (Biggerstaff and Thompson, 2008). 2004; 18: 15471. Sport Exerc. While the previous research and discussion are worthwhile, the small sample sizes of these studies elicit caution against making clinical decisions without more quantitative findings. Overtraining syndrome is a condition where you feel extreme fatigue, reduced performance, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and other issues as a result of working out or training too much or too hard without giving the body enough time to rest. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the prevalence rates for certain age groups, such as young adults and older adults, are higher for example, for the 18-to-25 age group, the 12-month depression prevalence rate was 8.7% in 2008. You used to just sit watching the telly and there were just no expression in my face () I used to get upset at the littlest thing and stuff like that. (2015), successful elite athletes not only compete at the highest level, but have experienced some success at that standard (e.g., winning an event or a medal) (p. 11). Due to diagnostic issues, people easily consider that MHIs is a black-and-white issue. As the aim of this study was to understand how elite athletes experienced and viewed their condition, participants were asked about their perceived triggers of their depression and their symptomatology. Depression is also linked to insomnia, and they can feed off each other. Strong and exclusive athletic identity also has been associated with heightened stress and anxiety following sports career termination (11). (2013)s suggestion, peer-debriefing was used in order to help guide the analysis and interpretation Following the cross analysis between the four transcripts and the final thematic structure, and in order to support the peer-debriefing process (Jones et al., 2013), the researchers asked each participant to give feedback on the themes generated from their own transcript, as well as to reflect and comment on a summary of the key findings of the study. Wippert and Wippert (34) garnered additional support for this contention in a study that found that involuntary career termination was associated with significantly greater psychological symptoms, including depression symptomatology, as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-R, than voluntary career termination among a sample of skiers. Reduced energy - 43.8 percent. The effects of involuntary athletic career termination on psychological distress. Performance-enhancing drugs: Know the risks - Mayo Clinic Storch EA, Storch JB, Killiany EM, Roberti JW. Considering the fact that the Olympics only occur every 4 years may account for this effect, it is still important to note that within this elite performer group, there was a significant relationship between the athletes performance and depression symptoms. Brewer and Petrie (7) were among the first researchers to compare depression symptoms between athletes who had and had not experienced injuries. Insomnia - 45 percent. According to the survey, retired athletes reporting three or more concussions were three times more likely to report being diagnosed with depression when compared with athletes with no history of concussions. Display irrational irritability. 16. Mann BJ, Grana WA, Indelicato PA, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. In: Murphy SM, ed. Despite their prevalence in sport and in society in general, the stigma associated with MHIs was highlighted by the participants as a damaging factor in sport environments. Strain J, Didehbani N, Cullum CM, et al. 1994; 65: 34754. Gorczynski P. F., Coyle M., Gibson K. (2017). This study sought to explore in depth the subjective experiences of elite athletes who suffered from a specific clinical MHI, namely depression. 30. August 18, 2021 People all over the world watch professional athletes and admire their physical strength and commitment to their sport. Depression and anxiety often occur together. The impact of MHIs on productivity and output might be more obvious for athletes than the general population. A full 94% of college students today say they are absolutely "overwhelmed." About 44% say they are so overwhelmed it's almost difficult to function. At this time, there is limited knowledge regarding optimal assessment of depression in athletes and there is paucity of evidence-based interventions that have been shown to be effective for treating athletes with clinical levels of depression. Conceptualizing excellence: past, present, and future. From choosing baby's name to helping a teenager choose a college, you'll make . 2007; 17: 4817. Updated by the minute, our Dallas Cowboys NFL Tracker: News and views and moves inside The Star and around the league . This preamble was followed by various questions covering three main (i.e., diagnosis, genesis, symptomatology) and two secondary (i.e., stigma, incidence) areas designed to gain insight into athletes mental health history and perception. Previous research has started to identify the breadth, complexities, and heterogeneities of MHIs in elite sport (e.g., Schaal et al., 2011; Doherty et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2016; Lebrun and Collins, 2017). 20. 28. Suicide in athletes, a tragic outcome that can be associated with depression, exists. There are many reasons an athlete may become depressed. I know that 200 players have sought help. FL and DC were responsible for data acquisition while FL and M were responsible for their analysis. This is inherent to the culture of athletics, as confidence often is regarded as a necessary state of mind for completion. Commentary: the experience of depression during careers of elite male athletes. 10% of the population will suffer from a mood disorder at some point in their life Here are seven signs your child may be experiencing depression. Yang J, Peek-Asa C, Corlette JD, et al. Leddy MH, Lambert MJ, Ogles BM. This culture had an impact on the participants. The experience of depression during the careers of elite male athletes. Emotional response to sport concussion compared to ACL injury. They concluded that cognitive deficits and depression symptoms appear to be more prevalent in retired NFL players when compared with those in a healthy control group. This adds to Doherty et al. Research on coping strategies is, therefore, essential to the design of proactive interventions aiming to equip athletes with resources (e.g., knowledge and skills) to maintain their mental well-being or prevent as much as possible the development of clinical MHIs while taking the sport context and their unique needs in consideration. As such, elite athletes may face specific and sport-related triggering factors (e.g., Participants 1 and 2) as well as the other triggers found in the general population (e.g., Participants 3 and 4; Reardon and Factor, 2010). Furthermore there is recent evidence to suggest that sports concussions can have long-lasting emotional impact. The Mental Health of Athletes: Recreational to Elite Interestingly, in spite of their symptoms and the extent to which depression impacted on their overall functioning and sport performances, Participants 1, 3 and 4 continued to train and compete at the highest level, while Participant 2 tried a comeback after his recovery from injuries despite the fact that he was, at the same time, suffering from depression. Storch et al. Only one participant engaged actively in this process and offered reflections on the report of their position. OTS is characterized by psychological and physiological disturbances, along with decreases in performance (20). J. Clin. Interpretative phenoomenological analysis, in. Erpic SC, Wylleman P, Zupancic M. The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on sports career termination process. They may seem to miss more practice sessions than other players. Although sports career termination represents a significant life transition for athletes, this necessarily does not mean that it results in psychological distress. and transmitted securely. American Psychological Association [APA] (2013). Received 2018 Aug 20; Accepted 2018 Oct 8. I talked about doing heroin during that time because I was just like I cant live in this, in this state () I broke up with my girlfriend because I was basically cutting all ties with everyone. The percentage of athletes endorsing clinically significant levels of depression was reported to be significantly lower than that of nonathletes. In contrast to the sport-related triggers described by Participants 1 and 2, Participant 3s miscarriage was described as the major life event precipitating her depression (e.g., That was because I had a miscarriage in the Christmas yeah, and then that makes it all, thats the worst time of year because its all about families at Christmas.). Clin. Athl. In this regard, it may be that the uniqueness of the performance environment in which elite athletes operate influences their experience, the symptoms expressed, and their reactions to depression (Doherty et al., 2016). Alfermann et al. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) aims to provide rich, descriptive accounts of how people perceive and make sense of their own lived experience (Smith, 2011) and was, therefore, the method chosen to analyse each narrative in detail and to examine indepth each participants subjective experience in order to understand what it is like, from the point of view of the participants (Smith and Osborn, 2007, p. 53). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 5. (2007). Its just some of you cantyou cant help. Health. The results from this study indicated that over half of the athletes (51%) who sustained an injury during the course of the study endorsed mild-to-severe depression symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Suck it up: opinions and attitudes about mental illness stigma and helpseeking behaviour of male varsity football players. Reflecting these various issues, the aim of this study was to examine the experiences of elite athletes who suffered from depression during their athletic career. Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunction and depression in aging retired National Football League players: a cross-sectional study. Beyond the traditional indicators of depression, athletic trainers and sports medicine teams should maintain increased awareness that (given the nature of the athletic culture) athletes may be likely to deny depression symptoms. J. Although all the participants perceived MHIs as prevalent in sport, and all knew other athletes suffering from MHIs, Participant 4 questioned the extent of the severity of those MHIs thus differentiating between sub-clinical and clinical levels of such issues as well as between their chronicity or acuteness. Lose self-confidence. The chosen population, the diversity of sport included (i.e., team and individual sports), the gender disparity and the sample size do, therefore, not enable a strict generalisation of the findings. Armstrong S, Oomen-Early J. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. In particular, this article will provide an overview of studies, which have investigated the rate of depression among athletes, discuss relevant factors (e.g., injury), which may contribute to depression among athletes, and consider how an integrative approach involving sports medicine and sports psychology can best serve athletes. In contrast to nonathletes, athletes may have some reservations when filling out a depression measure, such as coaches discovering their scores or concerns over imagined reactions to admitting being depressed. Some athletes want to play for professional sports teams. Watson JC. Q. Exerc. That doesnt bother me. The distinction between an issue as such and a disorder per se is not easily discernible. For example, the rate of depression among college athletes ranges from 15.6 percent to 21 percent. Lido Wellness Center Blog Mental Health In Sports: Why Is Depression Common In Athletes? There was another player, she also had, and then there was another player who also had a problem. Using the graphic timeline as a prompt, the interview guide was used to lead the discussion while allowing participants to freely share their storeys (Jones et al., 2013). Most of you know what it is like to be a student-athlete. Those providing comprehensive care for the athlete should understand that the expectations for athletic performance have a number of influences and may include not only the athletes viewpoint but also the perception of teammates, coaches, and family. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Participant 3 also recognised that her mental health and well-being had an impact on her performance outcomes, although her performance decline was perceived as modest compared to Participants 1 and 2 as she explained I think if I was happier, then, I would perform better. Fatigue, Sickness, and Injury: An athlete who is depressed is more prone to sickness, fatigue or injury. A brief overview of each participants subjective experience of depression, including the symptoms reported, is summarised in Table Table1.1. Thus, if it's all about the wins (as it surely is), creating . Hammond et al. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed If it is severe, painkillers will be prescribed and physical therapy will be advised. What Are the Warning Signs of Depression? | HealthyPlace Given such a high prevalence rate in certain age groups and a large denominator pool of athletes in these age groups, it is reasonable to surmise that there are thousands of athletes with depression participating at the high school and college levels.

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