National Evaluation of Welfare to Work Strategies: Evaluating Alternative Welfare-to-Work Approaches: Two-Year Impacts for Eleven Programs. Martinson, Karin (1999). Monthly cash payments to TANF families averaged $327 for one child, $412 for two children, $497 for three children, and $594 for four or more children. First, investigators must decide what, if any, subgroups (or strata) within the target population are of particular interest. In addition, organizations often have "corporate survey policies" that dictate whether and in what ways an employee may respond to a survey. Ultimately, their performance should be compared in terms of multiple outcomes. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures. In addition, they would inform consideration and design of future random assignment experiments, and could be designed with this in mind. Reg. Several factors and tradeoffs should be taken into account in developing the sampling frame. Isbell, Kellie, John W. Trutko, Burt S. Barnow, Demetra S. Nightengale, and Nancy Pindus (1996b). Asian? Read on to learn the answers to these questions and many other must-know welfare statistics and FAQs. The survey also would be designed and programmed to allow for multiple respondents for cases where this is appropriate. Among those, 56.3% of African Americans and 43.6% of Hispanic people participated between 3748 months. Some of these States served two-parent families with State funds that were not claimed toward the MOE requirement (i.e., in solely State-funded programs). What 13 states discovered after spending hundreds of thousands drug Pavetti, LaDonna, and Debra Strong (2001). The site is secure. What percentage of your customer/clients are African American? Your email address will not be published. In comparison, about one-third of married couples (34.8%) and single-father families (35.2%) participate that long. Fourth, the surveys paid limited attention to labor market intermediaries. Existing case studies typically have addressed small groups of employers or intermediaries. Just 5% of private rentals affordable on housing benefit Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. Most TANF recipients have at least one barrier to work and many have multiple barriers. For example, one crucially important group of employer practices for the TANF population involves the management of workers once they are hired. While giant corporations and small businesses are both employers, they have very different needs. 299-332. A1. Thus, the state may elect to designate the TANF case manager for purposes of conducting daily supervision. Buck, Maria L. (2002). 6781. Many of the barriers that inhibit recipients' ability to work consistently are not easily detected. Final DRA 2005 Rules: The work verification plan guidance only allows for 10 holidays. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The survey questionnaire would open with a few additional screener questions to ensure that the correct contact person within the establishment has been identified. Hotz, V. Joseph, Charles H. Mullin and John Karl Scholz (2002). There were about 2.04 million adults living in TANF households in FY 2010. As a result, the available research evidence on employers the demand side of the labor market is quite limited. Finally, while many studies have identified and described these practices, none has systematically assessed their effectiveness. Census block-group). TANF or SSI benefits were less common for children who received SNAP. Instead, separate samples were drawn for specific cities. Q5: How can a state combine activities designed to improve basic skills in vocational educational training? Given the 12-month limitation on counting this activity, it is important for states to consider carefully how to structure their programs to achieve the best employment outcomes for participants with different skill levels and abilities. (22) A survey could be limited to employers in the private sector or could include public organizations as well. Holzer's four-city surveys in the late 1990s asked employers about the involvement of intermediaries in their employment activities. What do employers relying on low-skill, entry-level workers do to employ TANF recipients successfully (e.g., types of training, mentoring, employee assistance programs, scheduling and leave policies, child care, promoting work supports, health insurance, transportation assistance, career development)? Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Of the total families with no adult recipients, over half had a parent living in the household but not receiving benefits. The nations welfare reform efforts of the last decade, emphasizing work first sought to move families from the welfare rolls into employment. Vocational training? i.e., single mothers. Which segments of the TANF population present the greatest challenges (e.g., recipients with limited skills, criminal records, substance abuse problems)? Boushey, Heather (2002). Why do employers hire or make an effort to hire TANF recipients? The company stands behind a screened employee as a guarantee to the employer that this person fits the job's requirements. These surveys are important for two reasons. Although few studies have documented this practice, the consequences of "creaming," or working only with the most skilled and least difficult individuals within a specific disadvantaged population, are apparent from the characteristics of the TANF recipients who are hired by employers in comparison to those who are not hired (see discussion in Section 2.5 below). Welfare facts and statistics also show that 24.8% of housing assistance and 30.4% of SNAP participants received assistance between 112 months. (12) The Welfare to Work Partnership identified 237 potential intermediaries in the two metropolitan areas, 23 of which said they did not work with TANF recipients or did not provide pertinent labor market services. If the outcomes are significantly better for employers using intermediaries than for employers that do not and if there are no differences between the employers and employees other than in the use of intermediaries then intermediaries are producing a net impact on employment. Such an assignment process is probably not feasible. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. Roberts, Brandon and Jeffrey Padden (1998a). Another is an employer's tolerance for recipients' relatively poor soft skills and relatively high support service needs. Therefore, perhaps, an intensive, employer-focused One-Stop treatment could be delivered at selected centers to TANF recipients randomly assigned to a treatment group. Welfare statistics show that nearly half (48%) of Americans support increased spending on social security. These data include disaggregated case record information on the families receiving assistance, families no longer receiving assistance, and families newly-approved for assistance from programs funded by TANF funds. Much of the research reviewed in the last chapter focused on employer behavior, ignoring the fact that employers use intermediaries. For example, as shown in Exhibit 5.4, there are many important topics and specific questions to cover in such a survey. In November 2020, this figure dropped to 1 million families. However, absenteeism is also correlated with other problems such as lack of child care, transportation, and poor health. At the expert panel meeting one employer said that often welfare recipients' literacy skills have not been adequate to permit them to participate in company training for promotion, thereby stifling their prospects for advancement. Though not examined here, the National School Lunch . Most existing data sources do not satisfy these two criteria. "Workforce Intermediaries: Recent Experience and Implications for Workforce Development." Ragan, Mark, and Richard Nathan (2002). Moreover, it is difficult to determine what measures should be taken to improve employer practices. New Mexico has the highest percentage of federal funding recipients. (9) The most common soft skill deficits concern attitudes toward work and relationships with coworkers. Asians? The survey response rate for these interviews was 72 percent in New Orleans and 81 percent in the Atlanta area. The biggest number of people on welfare from this group, i.e., three out of four live alone. Gaining answers to such questions would be challenging for researchers, but also critically important for employers and policymakers. Rademacher, Ida, Marshall Bear, and Maureen Conway (2001). Such a typical family had an average income (before SNAP) of $1,027 per month or $12,300 per year. "Mismatch in the Low-Wage Labor Market: Job-Hiring Perspective'" In The Low-Wage Labor Market: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Self Sufficiency, edited by Kelleen Kaye and Demetra Nightingale. 51-55. Exposing to air for 15 minutes can dispel the odor. Comparable demand-side studies do not exist. Based on the existing evidence for the supports and services provided by employers, it appears that many employers find it difficult to provide the range of services often needed by welfare recipients. However, given the newness of this concept and the range of organizations that may be called "intermediaries" (e.g., welfare agencies, employment offices, outsourcing suppliers including temporary employment agencies, community colleges, technical schools, labor unions, and a variety of community-based organizations providing services to job seekers, employees, and/or employers) a consensus on intermediary functions and their impact has yet to emerge. States employ specialized strategies, which include various approaches to assessment, work opportunities, and enhanced supports, to help those with barriers to employment. "Welfare-to-work momentum," continued the panel member, "was lost when the economy slowed." States report 27 indicators for each county, industry and quarter. The Office of Family Assistance collects and analyzes data on caseloads, expenditures, work participation, and more. 1 (Special Issue), pp. A total sample of 217,157 active cases and 67,273 closed cases was used to compile the tables describing TANF recipient characteristics. Washington, DC: Welfare Information Network. Generally speaking, the lists include address information and, in some cases, a contact person within the organization. For each task we describe a comprehensive survey option and a basic option that requires less financial support. Another key decision concerns the frame of reference for the survey questions. Long, "From Support to Self-Sufficiency: How Successful Are Programs in Advancing the Financial Independence and Well-Being of Welfare Recipients?" A third option involves administering a comprehensive core survey to employers and then conducting basic versions of the secondary employer interviews and intermediary survey. Many employers also worry that TANF recipients possess significant barriers that limit their ability to work effectively and increase the likelihood of job turnover. Osterman, Paul (2001). Our review of the literature indicates that, while a large and varied research literature addresses the labor supply of welfare recipients, much less addresses the employers who make up the demand side of the labor market. Andersson, Fredrik, Harry Holzer, and Julia Lane (2002). This would require the use of consistent definitions and field research methods across a representative group of employer and intermediary settings. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Few employers devote substantial resources to training low-skill workers, and most of the training is concentrated in a few skill areas and provided by large companies. One option is to restrict the project to a core survey of employers. Ideally, too, the information on inputs and outputs should be sufficiently detailed to support analysis of the reasons particular practices are effective or ineffective. The District of Columbia paid the highest cost of welfare per person at an impressive $5,779. Unemployment Insurance as a Potential Safety Net for TANF - ASPE The simplest way to obtain information about the use of intermediaries is to rely entirely on information supplied either by employers in an employer survey or by intermediary organizations in a survey of labor market intermediaries. The database is available from Genesys Survey Sampling for $0.16 per record, with a $100 set up fee. In the early 2000s, both the number of child-only families and their proportion of the caseload increased. Do you use /provide skills training services to employer-clients? In some areas, there is a mismatch between where most entry-level and service sector jobs are located and where most welfare recipients live. Why do employers fail to hire or make an effort to hire TANF recipients? However, Holzer's survey data indicates that employers do not automatically have negative opinions about TANF recipients who work. So, the answer to this question depends on the program. Identifying the best person(s) to complete a survey within a business organization is challenging. How do you assess the performance of your employees? The disadvantage of other existing data sources, in terms of addressing the unanswered questions, is that they lack information on employer practices. AFDC: Aid to Families with Dependent Children In addition, approximately three weeks after beginning the telephone survey, reminder letters should be sent to all non-respondents. Providing Paid Employment Opportunities to TANF Participants - ASPE Firms are especially concerned about the frequency and cost of job turnover (Roberts and Padden, 1998a). Holzer and his collaborators have conducted a number of analyses of each of these two surveys of employers. What percentage of your employees is fully enrolled? Many closures due to employment are coded as failure to cooperate or as some other category because at the point of closure, the agency often is unaware that the client became employed. In other respects, however, the procedural features of the basic plan would closely resemble those of the comprehensive option described above (and summarized in Exhibit 5.3). In addition, the existing research literature describes the practices of employers in recruiting and hiring TANF recipients as employees. These alternatives include new data collection and research based on existing data sets. As indicated in the last chapter, the employer surveys directed by Harry Holzer in the late 1990s stand out as some of the most important available data sources. Rising to the Challenge: Business Voices on the Public Workforce Development System. Assignment also can be chiefly random, as when most clients are randomly assigned and a few are assigned nonrandomly. Focus, vol. First, they were administered in only four cities, three of which are in the Midwest, and thus may not be nationally representative. Employers are especially unlikely to hire TANF recipients who have criminal records. There is also evidence that race and ethnicity play a role in hiring decisions (see Moss and Tilly, 2001). What types of training does the company provide to employees? Issue Brief. Evaluation and Program Planning, vol. For example, hourly wage rates and fringe benefits cannot be determined from these data. The remaining follow-up interviews would be done by telephone, in most cases with a single respondent. Jobs and the Urban Poor: Publicly Initiated Sectoral Strategies. Regardless, some recipients who currently remain on welfare possess serious barriers (e.g., mental illness, drug abuse, and domestic violence) that may make it difficult to employ them. After identifying enterprises with an interest in partnering with the intermediaries, the enterprises could be assigned to treatment or control status and the intermediaries would provide services only to enterprises in the treatment group. (See 45 CFR 261.60(e).) Common Tap Water Contaminants and other Parameters - EN New Mexico recorded the highest percentage of welfare recipients by state, i.e., 17.40%. That said, the "best practices" and policy recommendations offered by available studies often rest more on assumptions and judgments than on strong evidence. This would also result in a modest reduction in the time needed to complete the project. New York, NY: Ford Foundation. A Chamber Survey: Spotlight on Workforce Development . The surveys, which were completed by more than three-quarters of the 214 intermediaries identified by the Welfare to Work Partnership in the Atlanta and New Orleans metropolitan areas,(12) identified the services they provided to employers in connection with TANF recipients. What are API-12F storage tanks? - BIC Magazine Practices such as the assessment of employee performance are likely to be critical to job retention and advancement for welfare recipients. This depends on the persons eligibility as well as on the type of program. Gruber, David (2002). (11) Quantitative data on service utilization at One-Stop Centers is maintained in the WIASRD (Workforce Investment Act Standardized Record Data) data system, which is described in Chapter 4. A state could obtain hours of participation electronically, for example, if a tracking system or software program times and records on-line sessions. Employers' Views on Welfare Reform." Holzer, Harry (2002b). This includes flexible interview scheduling procedures such as the option to complete the survey over the course of more than one call, offering alternative options for completing the survey (e.g., via internet) and addressing respondents' concerns about survey questions, content, and procedures. Prepared by: David A. Among the more than 500 CDFIs in the country overseen by the U.S. Treasury Department, there are a number of community venture funds that make equity investments in local businesses that locate in and employ people from high-poverty neighborhoods. Some employers devote substantial resources to training low-wage and low-skill workers, but most do not. 6813-6814, published February 5, 2008.). Businesses listed in this database can be targeted by SIC code, sales volume, employee size and title code (e.g., human resources contact). Table C displays the trend in adult TANF recipients by age group from FY 2000 through FY 2010. In several other instances (such as some studies on WIA conducted by the U.S. General Accounting Office), more than one analysis and/or presentation has been based on the same set of qualitative case studies. States spend considerable shares of their TANF funds on families who receive benefits and services other than traditional assistance.

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