Fields involved in the same kind of operations and belonging to the same field family need to be encrypted with the same key. For large sliding windows, or for queries with aggregation functions that span the entire duration of the query, the above solution becomes inefficient, since for every key change, and as long as the sliding window does not end, another stream is added. Encryption functions of probabilistic (PHE) schemes such as Paillier and ElGamal encrypt values by first generating a large pseudorandom number (PRN) and then carrying out computations involving the pseudorandom number (PRN) and the plaintext value. Instead, C3PO focuses on PHE and does not require specialized hardware. As can be seen, the deployment profile generated by C3PO results in the lowest response time. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. [64], propose a system that collects and displays real-time patient data and shows how using the cloud has alleviated issues of cross-platform deployment. As outlined in Section 6, when a key rotation is initiated, a special key change tuple is emitted. But with this surge in popularity comes increased risk to privacy as the technology makes it easy to spy on people in otherwise-private environments, such as an individuals We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. As data is generated in real-time and added to a queue, it is picked up by source vertices and forwarded down the graph for processing according to a grouping clause (described below). There are two types of components in Storm: spouts, which act as event generators, and. As the name suggests, PPE schemes preserve some property of the underlying plaintext that in turn can be used to perform operations over encrypted values. Unfortunately, there are no standards on how to best interpret the scan Data-oriented attacks manipulate non-control data to alter a programs benign behavior without violating its control-flow integrity. Fig. Figure 12 shows the results of running this benchmark on encrypted input data (C3PO) and plaintext data (Storm). Your file of search results citations is now ready. A publishing license agreement granting ACM exclusive publication rightsby granting ACM the right to serve as the exclusive publisher of a work and to manage ongoing rights and permissions associated with the work, including the right to defend it against improper use by third parties. Google Scholar Digital Library Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article. Sliding window. The figure also shows streams \(s_1-s_4\). Yahoo streaming: We also use the more generic Yahoo Streaming Benchmark (YSB) [11] for further evaluating the latency of C3PO. WKD-IBE and AES schemes and assembly-level optimizations are incorporated to support embedded IoT devices. Please try again. C3PO is capable of continuing computation in the trusted tier or re-encrypting (parts of) a data stream to enable further computation in the public cloud if a given sequence of computations cannot be performed due to PHE limitations (4). We deploy \(v_1\) and \(v_2\) on three m3.medium nodes in EC2 and use a single end-user device deployed on an A8 device. Due to the sheer amount of streaming data, building a private cloud infrastructure or expanding local infrastructure to support a large number of devices [36] is very expensive compared to using a low-cost public (untrusted) cloud infrastructure such as Amazon EC2 or Microsoft Azure. Since the emergence of the cloud paradigm, the fear of losing the privacy of sensitive data has become a main barrier to cloud services adoption. Paillier and ElGamal are defined in finite cyclic groups with a configurable plaintext space. AHE packing. Response time for LRB on C3PO. To protect your privacy, all features that rely on external API calls from your browser are turned off by default. Similarly, equality comparisons, order comparisons, and search over encrypted data operations require non-trivial computations over the ciphertexts. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2021 Code for finding the sum of each group in a sliding window without C3PO abstractions. Furthermore, through the use of secondary homomorphic operations and associated optimizations (Section 5), C3PO allows computations between sensitive and non-sensitive data without revealing information about the sensitive input values or the output values. Note:Submissions on watermarking or steganography are currently out of scope of interest for TOPS. We use post-encryption packing to pack these four values into a single ciphertext, thereby reducing the ciphertext size by 4. A good deployment profile is required to avoid bottlenecks and ensure good resource utilization. AUTHORSHIP INTEGRITY. Key sharing. The process moves from the Editor-in-Chief to ACM HQ. but does not work in a continuous query setting, because values are generated in real-time and cannot be known beforehand. In ACM Conf. Application programmers write application logic for vertices of the graph. As expected, encryption using ElGamal or Paillier is a more expensive operation, since these are asymmetric schemes. The results show that on average C3PO operates with only \(23\%\) higher latency than running the same computation over plaintext data. These position reports are processed by a toll levying agency to dynamically: calculate the amount of toll to be levied on the vehicle and. The journal takes a wide view of this topic and its mission is to publish the best original research in this area. Each vertex of the graph may have multiple runtime instantiations called tasks. Copyright 2023 ACM, Inc. All Holdings within the ACM Digital Library. These can be derived from the graph declaration provided by the application programmer, as explained in Section 4.1. Similarly for conferences. Fig. (9) \[\begin{equation} T= P+ M=\lfloor log_2(R(2^{M}-1)) \rfloor + 1, \end{equation}\] (3) \[\begin{equation} D(E(x_1) \times g^{x_2} \bmod N^2) = (x_1 + x_2) \bmod N \end{equation}\] Once identified, the set of authors must remain fixed (though ordering can change) through publication. The graph running in the cloud keeps track of daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly statistics. In multi-group mode, each stream with multiple groups is associated with a combiner capable of combining the results of all key groups. The workers in the untrusted cloud can only access encrypted data and only have access to the public keys required to perform the homomorphic operations. 11. Further, if a key has been compromised, then an on-demand key rotation is initiated. ACM Transactions on Privacy and SecurityJust Accepted The below articles have been recently accepted to the journal and are currently in the production process. The overall rank of ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security is 5024 . 13. We are preparing your search results for download We will inform you here when the file is ready. Your file of search results citations is now ready. 6:1-6:36. Once all values per key are combined the emit() function emits each key-value pair as a separate tuple. The Editor is responsible for having the paper reviewed in a timely manner. Please download or close your previous search result export first before starting a new bulk export. While some mapping heuristics are known, they do not consider encryption, which shifts bottlenecks, e.g., by altering computation/communication overhead ratios. We deployed this application on 10 m3.large nodes in Amazon EC2. Yao Research Group - Virginia Tech Please try again. Keeping the ciphertext size overhead small leads to smaller end-to-end latency, because the data that needs to be transmitted from the IoT devices to the cloud nodes for processing is smaller. This requirement will also enable ACM to provide improvements to the normalization process of ACM Digital Library author profile data, aid in the detection of undeclared conflicts of interest and other publications-related misconduct in ACM Publications, assist with the implementation of ACM Open, and offer a host ofother researcher benefitsto ACM authors and the scientific community. Heartbeat analysis: We use a heartbeat analysis application that computes individual and group statistics. In the above equation, \(\otimes\) denotes homomorphic multiplication between a ciphertext and a plaintext value (see Section 2.2), and \(T\) indicates the total number of bits required per packed item including padding bits, calculated as per Equation (9). Similarly, C3PO encrypts any constants in the application. Corresponding times for ElGamal implemented using GMP are slightly higher. The C3PO worker node receives the key change notification and keeps track of partial results for the new key group until the next time window starts. Abstracting with credit is permitted. 13. In this section, we introduce a set of optimizations as well as extensions to previously proposed optimizations to reduce time and space overheads associated with PHE and PPE encryption, making these schemes more practical for use in resource-constrained devices, thereby addressing challenge 5. Multi-group mode allows us to rotate the key of a specific group, reducing the impact of key rotations. In ACM Conf. This typically requires some minor changes by the authors with respect to presentation, citations and claims. The first set of constraints ensures each vertex is allocated to at least one slot. We now give details on how C3PO tackles the challenges 14 introduced in Section 1.2 when processing continuous queries over encrypted streams. The bandwidth of the trusted node was throttled to 8 Mbit/s to simulate a wide area network link. This shows that multi-group mode is an effective way of rotating encryption keys. 2. k-anonymity based models and knowledge hiding models), and methods of secure communication with various properties (e.g. The tuples in the stream are processed in a distributed fashion. Finally, \(v_4\) has three tasks running on a trusted node \(n_3\). C3PO cannot identify what homomorphic division operations will fail a priori, but it can detect what division operations have failed after the results have been decrypted. Cryptosystems on IoT devices. As we will see shortly, this environment is leveraged to perform a few specific computations. Submissions should be based on guidelines given in instructions forSubmitting Articles to ACM Journals. Yet in all IoT devices that support the GMP or the SSL libraries, ElGamal and Paillier exhibit decent performance. We note that the scheduler service can be deployed in the untrusted cloud. When decrypting, this counter is used to identify how many intermediate terms need to be ignored to get the correct result. This means that all data is emitted with a timestamp within the first 30 minutes of every month will be encrypted under both the old and new keys. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security Vol. We observe that in Storm vertices \(v_4\) and \(v_2\) have the highest utilization values until around the 8,000 s mark, and after that vertex \(v_1\) becomes the node with the highest load. When the queue becomes full, the source vertices stop emitting tuples. Authors are required to provide full disclosure of prior publication, prior rejection and current submission of this line of work by the authors. Your file of search results citations is now ready. C3PO also supports packing for MHE, but to a limited degree, because in multiplication each packed item of a ciphertext is multiplied with all packed items of the other ciphertext. Streams flow from left to right (rightmost element, \( x_1 \), is oldest). Please be sure to visit theACM Author Portalfor additional important author information. [19] to pack multiple plaintext values into a single ciphertext. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security - ACM Digital Library 2. To further reduce the encryption time overhead, C3PO uses speculative encryption by predicting what values will need to be encrypted next. Theoretical papers must make convincing argument for the practical significance of the results. To reduce the risk of secret keys being compromised in continuous query applications, C3PO rotates keys periodically or on-demand without causing disruptions to query executions. \(v_1\) also emits a summary of its per-user statistics every minute that is grouped by week, month, or year by \(v_2\) to find the average value across all users. 3 Volume 24, Issue 3August 2021 Editor: Ninghui Li Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery New York NY United States ISSN: 2471-2566 EISSN: 2471-2574 Tags: CryptoPAn + 4 Subscribe to Journal Recommend ACM DL ALREADY A SUBSCRIBER? At this point, the old instance of the application vertex class is discarded and the stream from the new instance is emitted. Fig. Please download or close your previous search result export first before starting a new bulk export. Publication of such work in TOPS usually requires consolidation of several conference papers and significant additional new material which has not been previously published. Threat 1: Cloud compromises. Encryption latency of ElGamal and Paillier with ciphertext packing across different IoT devices. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We define throughput as the number of tuples processed by the application graph in unit time. To further reduce the effect of key compromises, C3PO introduces a multi-group mode (Section 6.3) that limits the number of devices that share common keys even further and allows frequent key rotations while minimizing service disruptions. Since we have information about fields to be masked at compile-time, we update the C3PO runtime with this information. Submissions should be based on guidelines given in instructions for Submitting Articles to ACM Journals. Our masking process itself is very lightweight. Google Scholar Digital Library [2] Borja Balle, Giovanni Cherubin, and Jamie Hayes.

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